Learn to use the Linux command line. Familiarize yourself with some basic Unix shell commands. The knowledge here may also be applied to macOS, since its terminal is very similar to Linux.

Learn Unix Linux Bash Command Line Terminal Tutorial

fffe Learn Unix Linux Bash Command Line Terminal Tutorial

Basic Unix Terminal Commands (Learn the Linux bash shell)

Learn a few basic UNIX commands. Let's get started.
So first of all, the first command I'd like to introduce you is
the Who Am I command. Who Am I?
As the name suggests,
it tells you who you are. It tells you your
username. So Who Am I?
I am NVKTutor. That's my username. Alright?
So next one is P-W-D.
Print Working Directory. That basically tells me
where I am in the UNIX file system. So right now I'm in the
User directory and
slash NVKTutor. So basically my
home directory. So in UNIX
we refer to folders as directors.
Directories. And
we have files and
directories. Files inside directories, basically.
So let's see what we have
in the current directory with the LS command.
Basically it lists all the files inside the directory.
So there it is. I have a few
files here. And just so you know, there's not
a clear distinction in UNIX between
a directory and a file. Basically everything is a file.
So maybe this file here,
Java, even though it doesn't have an extension,
it could be a directory or it could be
some kind of file, maybe a text file. Now
we have some files with explicit extensions right here.
This is a GIF file, an image. This is a
C++ source code. But
in general you don't have to have an extension in UNIX.
You can just name the file whatever you want.
Now let's take a look at
my finder window here to see what they actually are.
Okay, I've used Mac OS 10.
So that's how
the files look with
a user interface
program like finder. And you can see Java is actually a
folder here, which is also called
the directory UNIX. Alright, so let's get back.
So we learned how to list the files but how do we move around?
That's with the CD command. So let's say you want to move
to the Java folder. You say CD
Java. Okay, and now we are in Java.
As you can see here my prompt changed to Java.
This tilde here means I am in my home
directory. Now I am within, I'm in
the directory called Java within my home directory. Let's just check
with PWD where we are. As you can see
slash user slash nvk tutor slash Java.
So indeed we are in Java. Now
let's say we want to go back. So how can I go back to the previous folder?
Basically CD space dot dot.
Let's say PWD.
Yes, we are back. This is an LST list of files indeed.
So to get back to the previous folder CD
space dot dot. Now let's say
I want to go to downloads CD downloads.
This is a directory. Okay, I know it's a directory.
Now let's list the contents of this directory.
Are there any files here? Let's see. Oh, there are three files here.
This movie file here, another one,
and an image, a PNG image. Cool.
So I'm saying these because there's an explicit
extension and I really know
that they are such but in general you wouldn't know
what kind of files they were. Okay.
Now let's go back.
CD dot dot. We're back here.
PWD. LS. Great.
Now let's say you want to clear the screen.
Too many things here. I want to get rid of all these things. Just say clear.
There you are.
Nice and clean. Okay, so let's play a little bit more of CD.
So let's list the files. So let's say
I'm going to go to music.
But let's say I don't want to type.
Let's say from music I want to go back to the previous folder
and then go to back and then go to Java.
How can I do that in one single command? So essentially you say
CD dot dot that goes back to the previous folder, right?
But since the dot dot here means we are in the previous folder,
from there you can go to Java. Just say slash
Java. So CD go to the previous folder
and from there you go to Java.
PWD, indeed we are in Java. If we go back, we go back to the home
directory. See?
Now let's try it again. CD let's say
movies. PWD, work in directory,
indeed movies. Let's say I want to go to the previous directory and then go to
downloads. Previous directory dot dot slash downloads.
PWD, yes, listing. Oh there they are again.
Cool. Okay. Now I am in
downloads right now. Let's go to the UNIX folder within the home
directory. CD dot dot slash UNIX. Let's clear the screen. Clear.
Okay. Now indeed in UNIX, what are the files?
Listing. Okay we have some files here. So these files I had,
I have here essentially plain text files. I created them for the purpose of this
video. As you can see, there's a text file here.
You have an explicit extension. I don't really need to have that.
For example, for this file I didn't even say,
didn't even specify any kind of format of extension but I know it's a text
file. Now on to a new command. Let's say you want
to see, check the contents of a text file, plain text file.
So in UNIX we have two useful commands called head and tail.
So head and then the name of your file, let's say
conversations. So the head command will display the first
10 lines of a file by default. Okay. So that's the file conversations. These
are the first 10 lines. Now let's say you want to check
what's in the last 10 lines. Okay. Let's use tail.
Tail conversations. See those last 10 lines of the file.
Now let's check if that really makes sense. I'm going to open up a text editor
right here. You don't have to know how to do this.
I'm going to use vi just to check the file. See the contents here are the
contents of the file. So indeed these are the first 10 lines
here. And let's go back. Do I have that there?
Let's see. Head conversations. Hey, what's up? Nothing. Watch.
That's what we had there, right?
All right. Now let's check the last 10 lines.
Going all the way to the... Okay. Three, four.
Okay. Let's see.
When I said tail conversations, indeed. Why not? This is the last line. Okay.
So it worked. So let's clear. By default, head displays the first 10 lines
of a file, text file, and tail the last 10 lines. Okay.
Just one more last command before finalize this video.
If you're unsure how to use any of these commands,
you can always check their manual pages with the command man. So man, for example,
head. So that'll bring up the manual page for the
head command. So here's the name, the command head, what it does,
usage, the options, description, and so on. It's very useful.
To quit, just type q. Okay. Let's see. You want to learn more about the
cd command. Type man, cd to bring up the manual page
for the cd command. We see a lot of stuff here. Go down.
See a shell built in command, whatever.
Lots of options and stuff. Press q to quit. All right.
Just another one. Try a man or any command you know, like pwd.
Okay, pwd return working directory name.
A few options here, how to use, and what these options do.
Okay, the options are as follows. Okay. So it's a very useful command.
And just man, space, whatever the command name is. Okay.
Just a review. So to determine who the user is right now, who am I?
I am an NBK tutor. Where am I in the file system pwd print working
directory. I am in the next folder within the home
directory. All right. Now, what are the files here?
LS. Okay. Now let's say I want to go back to the home directory,
cd, which is the previous one cd dot dot to go to the previous
directory. Okay, I'm there. Now, say I want to go,
I'm going to Java and I'm going to go from here back to the previous directory
and then to say Python, okay, cd dot dot slash Python.
pwd yes from Python. Great. Let's go back to the home directory.
Clear the screen clear. Okay. Thank you for watching.
And I hope you can practice these commands. And the next thing to do is
get a little more complex about all these commands and add some options and so on.
So we can better,
better customize or what we want to get. Okay.
Thank you for watching.


fffe-01 Basic Unix Terminal Commands (Learn the Linux bash shell)

Using the TAR Command to Create, Inspect, and Extract an Archive File in Linux / macOS

Let's learn some Linux commands. This lesson I'll teach you how to use the
tar command. We are going to learn how to make an archive in a Unix-based system
such as Linux or Mac OS. An archive is when you take several files and you make
them into a single file. Usually you make an archive and you want to send someone
a lot of files and you don't want to do them one by one. Instead what you do is
you create an archive and take all these files and put them in a single file and
then you send that file over. Typically after archiving you also do what's
called compression so you can reduce the file size to save some bandwidth.
This lesson I'll just talk about the archiving part with tar command. So let's
do it. I'll just essentially teach you how to do three things. One of them is how
to create an archive. The second how to list the contents of an existing archive
without extracting. And the third is how to extract an existing archive. So let's
get started here. I have in my directory I did a ls-l and I have two files one
called notes.txt and another called sample.jpg. One is a text file the other is
an image. Text file as you can see here from the number 69 right after my
user my group name that's 69 bytes in size for the sample.jpg the size is
14,928 bytes. So let's say you have several files in my case it's a very
small size by simple size two files but we can generalize this for as many
files as you want so imagine you have a lot of files. So we want to create an
archive and you want to combine all these files into a single file you're
gonna create a single file that includes all these files. Let's do it that's the
tar command Tar and to create one you need an option for create. I'm gonna
start with the typically people use the shortcuts as they get more familiar with
the commands and I'm gonna start with the long option name okay so you can learn
first what it means and then you can later use the shortcut so I'm gonna say
dash dash create because I want to create an archive that's the option and then
the next thing I'm going to do I have to tell Tar what's the resulting file name
right the archive file name I'm just gonna say archive but to do that I have
to use the option dash dash file and I have to give it the file name I'm gonna
say archive dot tar that's the resulting file name and immediately after at the
end of the line I'm gonna specify all the files that I want to be included in
this archive so I'm gonna say notes dot txt space sample dot jpg and that's it
so we have called to the tar command to create an archive whose resulting file
with dash dash file archive dot tar has that name and then at the end we have the
listing of all the files that we want to place in that archive let's do it so with
that I can do another listing a less dash L and you can see there's a new file
here called archive tar you can see the file size is 20,480 did you notice that
if I add up the file sizes from notes dot txt which is 69 and sample dot jpg
which is 14,928 we would get what 14,900 and what 97 right and compared to 20,480
there's a difference there so the archive actually has more in size than
the individual files themselves if their sizes that are up that's because the
archive creates some overhead as it's made but typically if you have a lot a lot
lot lot more files I think the overhead will be less significant in any case
that's how we create an archive now that I told you about the long options
right but typically people like to first use the shortcut and then later like to
combine all the options together to a single single string of options so
instead of dash dash create you can just say dash c that's the shortcut how
people would traditionally use it right and instead of dash dash file we can use
dash f okay that's the same thing and you're gonna get the same it's just gonna
overwrite now people also like to combine the options so you can have dash c followed
by f so you can combine this two into one and it's gonna do the same thing so
tar dash c f meaning create and here's the resulting file archive that are
did you notice that every time I type my tar command and a press enter that it
seems that nothing happened but something actually happened so people also
like to add the dash v option for verbose so you could add that too if you
would like right in between the C and B or before the C whatever CVF so the V is
an option to be verbose so it will tell you in each line the file that was added
to the archive so you you probably gonna see these options used very often as
someone asked you to tar something or maybe extract later on as you will see the
V option stands for verbose so it tells you the stuff it did in this case tells
you the file names that were archived so now let's learn how to list the
contents without extracting it so I'm gonna say tar already have an archive
right archive tar that's the file we want to check to see what's inside and
I'm gonna say dash t okay t is gonna be the option though let us check the
contents and if you want to be verbose you can add the V up to you and you can
also and then you have to say F so you have to tell it what archive you want
to check archive tar so we can see tar space dash T V F space archive tar and
immediately after it lists each file that's in the archive and that matches
what we had right notes dot txt and sample dot J PG okay if you want to do
this long listing you can always check the manual I suggest you do man space
tar and depending on your system in my case I am using a Linux distribution
Ubuntu and here is how my tar command the options are like so and I was I just
thought you how to use dash T but there's the long option name here and I
would use dash dash list in this case I know the first letters not T but that's
what I would use in a long listing so the T is for the listing of the contents
okay next we are going to learn how to extract you can see here if you look at
the menu tar dash dash extract is what we want the shortcut will be just X as
you can see on the first line of this my screen my window so let's get started
let me make a director here dear to and I'm going to CD to dear to so I can
extract here instead of the same directory that I was because I already
had the files there so what I'm gonna say is gonna say tar so I want to extract
so I can either say dash dash extract and so on or I can use the shortcuts
which is dash X and it can already combine all the other options or if
you'd like you can separate them with dash space dash other option what I'm
gonna do altogether so you can do verbose dash V if you want and you can add
the you have to add the F to specify the file name in this case would be one
directory up right so I'm gonna say dot dot slash dot dot stands for the
directory one level up from where I am in this case tape archive and slash the
name of your archive in my case archive tar and you can see it's verbose and it
told us each file that was extracted I can do a LS dash L here in the current
directory and I can see the notes is here and sample JPG is here you can see
the file names 69 bytes and 14,920 bytes is the same as the ones that were
present in the directory one level up
okay so in this lesson we learned to use the tar command tar stands for a tape
archive they used to use tapes to record file data back in the days and we learned
three operations in the first one how to create an archive with dash C second
one how to check the contents of an archive dash T third one how to extract
the contents of an archive dash X if you want to be verbose and have the command
spit out some stuff while it's working you can use the dash V option and
remember to always use the dash F option to specify the file name for the
operation in question in the case of creating a archive if you tell it what's
the name of the archive in the case of checking an archive you have to tell it
the file name of the archive you want to check with the dash F option and lastly
when you want to extract an archive you have to use the dash F to specify which
file you want to extract which archive note that I showed you how to extract
everything from an archive but that you might not always want to extract
everything but specific files you can always do that as you do the extractor
man you can specify the files you want to extract for example if I go back here
and I create another directory 3 I'm gonna see the directory 3 I want to tar dash
X VF dot slash archive dot tar but I only want to take notes dot txt how could I do that
so let's try this notes dot txt at the end so let's do a listing now you can see
now when I specify the specific file name at the end of the command it's a
it only extracted that specific file so that's how you would do it if you want
specific ones of course I can do it again and extract just the sample so I can
have all of them now okay and that's the last point I wanted you to know of course
the tar command has a lot more options you can do man tar and check them out if
you need something that's more than the basic basics that I just taught you you
can have a look and there's a lot in there that's the key to quit the menu page
thank you so much for watching this video please leave your like and subscribe
and I'll see you in the next one


fffe-02 Using the TAR Command to Create, Inspect, and Extract an Archive File in Linux / macOS

Using the GZIP and BZIP2 Commands to Compress and Decompress a TAR Archive File in Linux

Welcome to another lesson on Linux commands. In this lesson I'll teach you how to compress
files in a Unix-based terminal. That is, you could try this in either Linux or MacOS, for
instance. So I am going to cover three commands in this lesson. One of them is very, is the
most popular probably for compression of files in Linux. That is Gzip. Another one is Bzip2.
Bzip2 provides a better pressure ratio. And finally I'll cover the compressed command. It's
probably not as widely used though. So let's get started. So in order for me to compress a file,
typically in Linux we first archive using tar. So if you want to know how to use the tar command,
I have a video for that. In any case, I'm assuming you already have a tarred archive file. In my case
here I did a ls-l in my current directory and I have this file called archive.tar. Now I want to
compress this file and turn it into, let's first do Gzip and turn it into what we usually use,
the tar.gz extension. You can also shorten that to tgz. Doesn't really matter but that's what
we're going to do here. So it's very simple. All you have to do is type the name of the command,
in this case Gzip, followed by the name of the archive, the tar file. So I'm going to say archive.tar.
And then I'm going to do ls-shel to see what I got. Now you can see what happened here was. The
file archive.tar became another file now called archive.tar.gz. So we no longer have the tar file.
Another thing to notice is the file size. Here I have 14,973 bytes for the compressed file. If you
look at the original tar file it was 20,480. So it compressed the difference of these two, right?
It's about a little over 5,000 bytes. Right? So that's Gzip. Now if you want to
decompress it, how can we get the tar file back? We're going to use the g-on-zip command.
g-on-zip, gunzip, and the name of the file, the tar.gz file. In this case archive.tar.gz. Now if you
do ls-shel again you can see now we have archive.tar and there is no longer a tar.gz file. So we turn the
compressed file back into the tar file and you notice the file size is the same as the original one
we had before 20,480 bytes. And that's Gzip, gunzip. It's probably the most popular. Now let's have
a look at another command to compress called bzip2. So essentially we're going to do the same thing.
You notice the same pattern. We're going to say the name of the command bzip2 followed by the name of
the tar file archive.tar. Let's have a look at the listing. Now we can see we created a turn.tar file
into another file called archive.tar.bz2. Different extension there. And let's have a look at the file
size here. Seems like this one, the file size became 15,387 bytes. Now that's a little over
the one with gzip. Gzip had 14,973. So gzip did a better job in this case.
All right. Now let's say we want to turn this back into tar file. We're going to follow the same
pattern. Instead of saying bzip2, we're going to say be unzip to bunzip to bunzip to
archive tar.bz2. And now do ls dash l again, we got archive tar. It's back there. There's no longer
a file called tar.bz2. Notice the file size is the same as the original archive tar 20,480 bytes.
And that's the bzip2.
It was funny this example bzip2 did worse than gzip, but it is said that
in some cases bzip2 might have greater compression ratios. So this example is very small, but
it would be nice to see. You can try it out if you have massive files and see which one does a
better job. Just try both of them. You can do gzip, g unzip to turn them back and note the
don't forget to note the file size. And then you can do bzip2 name of your archive and then you'll
note the file size and then you compare and depend on which one is better. You pick the one you want.
Of course you want the one with the lowest file size because that means the compression ratio is
better, meaning it compresses more and you'll save more bandwidth as you send the file around.


fffe-03 Using the GZIP and BZIP2 Commands to Compress and Decompress a TAR Archive File in Linux

Using the COMPRESS Command for Compression and Decompression of TAR Archive Files in Linux

I am going to teach you how to use the command compress to compress an archive in Linux.
You can use this in any Linux based system.
It's Linux or macOS.
So the compress command, it's no longer that popular these days.
Usually people would use gzip or bzip2 for a Linux system.
But I'm going to teach you how to do it anyway if you ever come across compress.
Because I am using Ubuntu Linux 18.04, compress is not installed by default.
So I actually have to install it using apt.
The command has a different name.
It's called n-compress.
Okay so let's get started.
Here I have some...
So I have an archive, a tar file that has two files inside the archive.
One being notes.txt, the other being sample.jpg.
I did tar-tvfarchive.tar to see what's inside the archive without extracting it.
The dash t stands for just check the contents of the archive, v for verbose, and f to specify
the tar file.
Now if I try to do compress in the name of the archive, it's not going to find it.
You likely will see something if you use Ubuntu it's going to tell you hey you might
want to install and compress.
So I'm going to do sudo apt install and compress to get it.
I already had it before so that's why it's going to be really quick to install.
And now I can do compress archive.tar.
And if I check ls-l for the contents of my current directory I see that archive.tar
remains there and it doesn't seem that anything changed.
And that is because compress could not reduce the file size.
So you might find that compress if you try to use it with a tar archive sometimes it
will not achieve any level of compression and because of that it won't do anything.
It would just leave the tar file as is.
Now to illustrate this point and to actually get something to be compressed I got this
file called image.bmp that if I include in the archive will actually allow us to see
compress actually doing something.
And the extension would be .z right, .tar.z.
Capital Z.
Now let me see what I can do here.
I would like to add it to the archive.
So in order to add that to the archive let me see what I can do here.
There's a command for tar that allows you to append to the archive and that's the r option.
So if I do right now if I do tar-tvf archive.tar we see there's on two files no.txt and sample.jpg
I want to add image.bmp to that tar file I'm going to say tar- and the option is going
to be dash r vf.
v is for verbose and f to specify the file name archive.tar and at the end I'm going
to say the name of the file I want to append.
In this case image.bmp.
Now let's have a look again at the archive.tar with tar-tvf and I can see image.bmp is now
included in addition to notes.txt and sample.jpg.
Now let's try to use compress again I'm going to say compress archive.tar and I'm going
to do ls-l and I can see now that archive.tar became the file archive.tar.capital z.
So in this case compress was able to reduce the file.
So I achieved some level compression therefore it actually made the tar.z file.
Now let's learn how to uncompress.
Well intuitively it would be just uncompress followed by the file name right so let me
make a directory here.
Let's say Dear 1 and I'm going to see Dear 1 and try to decompress here.
Now typically you would use uncompress but because I'm using Ubuntu and if I read the
manual for compress it's actually uncompress.real and there's a note here saying that usually
it would be uncompress but from the case of Debian you have to use .real because there's
a conflict with it says here this has been done to avoid conflicting with the more commonly
used program with the same name that is part of the gzip package.
So there seems to be a conflict of the gzip package that's why they have to we have to
use uncompress.real.
In my case I don't know if you're going to need it just try with uncompress or check
your manual page man-compress to see if you have to do that or not.
In any case I'm going to say uncompress.real.to-goat-one-level-up archive.tar.z so this is going to uncompress
that here.
Not here right?
I didn't mean to extract yet so I'm sorry let me go back one level up it's actually going
to do the uncompression wherever it was before so you can see archive.tar is back and yeah
if I wanted to extract a dear one I would see dear one and do that tar-xf with the file
name being dot dot slash archive.tar and then that would work right?
I'm going to go there cd to one tar-xf if you want to be verbose add the v dot dot slash
archive.tar and you can see they're all here and if I go back archive is there too.
So that's essentially it if you want to compress something you say compress space file name
tar file name and if you want to decompress you want to say uncompress in my case uncompress.real
space the name of the tar.z file.
You know compress might not always be able to compress anything so you might end up with
the same tar file without any compression in that case there wouldn't be a dot tar.z
extension it would be just dot tar because it couldn't achieve any level of compression
so it didn't do anything.
So that's it for this video and I hope to see you next time.
Goodbye.


fffe-04 Using the COMPRESS Command for Compression and Decompression of TAR Archive Files in Linux

Using the ZIP Command to Archive and Compress or Decompress Files in Linux

This lesson I'll teach you how to use the zip command to archiving, compress, and decompress
files in a Linux-based system.
So you might know the zip format.
It's widely used if you come from Windows.
In the Unix world, they would typically have tar files that would then be compressed with,
for example, gzip or bzip2.
But you might be from a different kind of system where they usually use zip files.
So let's see how we can make zip files and extract zip files in Linux.
The command is going to be zip, and the one for decompressing is going to be unzip.
Very simple, very similar to dealing with tar files and gzip.
So let's get started.
Here I have a file structure with some files.
I have notes.txt and sample.jpg, for example.
Let's say I want to add that to a zip file.
How would I do it?
Simply do the following.
Say the zip command.
Now you have to say the name of the zip file you want to create.
Let's say myzip.
And you can add the extension here, .zip if you want.
And then you have to give the file names you want to add in this example.
Let's say notes.txt, space, sample.jpg.
So at the end would be a list of files, or one, or a directory, and so on.
Now let's see what it created.
Created a file called myzip.zip.
If you want to check the contents of that, we can use the .zip.l option.
So unzip.l with myzip.zip.
And it will tell you what it would be extracted if you were to actually run unzip.
So there's notes.txt and sample.jpg inside.
That's nice.
Let's try to add the directory here.
Let's say I want to try zip.
So one thing with zip is if you want to add more files to the existing one, you can just
say zip, name of the existing zip file and the files you want to add to.
You might want to contrast that with tar, because I think tar, if you were to use it,
it would actually replace the whole thing with a new set of files instead of appending.
So be careful that you might want to check that out first before doing anything.
Important.
So let's add a dear one to the zip file.
I'm going to say zip.
What's the name of the file?
Myzip.zip.
And what's the file?
Or directory I want to add?
Direct everyone.
Now you might notice something weird.
The length of the directory there is zero and it seems it's empty.
And that's because we have to actually recurse over the files inside that directory if you
actually want to add to the zip file.
So if you were to do it again, you have to use the dash r option so it can actually go
through this everything inside dear one because it's a directory.
So use the dash r if you're dealing with adding directories.
So now you can see the output added notes.txt sample.jpg and image.bmp from the directory
dear one.
And if you do unzip dash l myzip.zip, you can see it's actually there, not just the empty
directory, right?
So be careful that don't forget dash r if you want to add a directory to the zip file.
And notice the other files remained.
It didn't replace everything with just dear one.
That's one thing to keep in mind.
Okay, so let's let's see.
So zip when you use zip it archives and compresses the file.
So it's kind of different when you start and then use it, for instance, because in Linux,
the standard way would be to first archiving so you can combine all bunch of files into
a single file.
And then after that, you do the compression to actually reduce the file size.
But when you do zip, it does those two things kind of simultaneously at the same time.
So you don't have to separate that process.
Okay, so let's try to extract my zip into a new directory.
I'm going to create make the IR.
Dear two, I'm going to see D2 dear two, and there's nothing here yet.
I do ls I want to extract the contents of my zip.
That's one level up to this current directory.
So I'm going to use a command unzip.
Now have to specify the file.
The file is one level up.
So I'm going to say dot dot slash my zip dot zip.
And let's see what happens if I do like that.
So it said archive inflating inflating creating and so on.
If I do ls of the current directory, it's actually here now.
The contents let's do a listing recursively dash LR to see what's inside dear one.
So dear one actually has the content we wanted.
Notes.txt sample.jpg which are different from the ones on one level above.
Okay, if we see the dot dot to go back to one level one directory up the tree we have.
My zip is still there.
No problem.
OK, so that's how you use the zip and unzip commands to compress and decompress zip files
in a Linux system.
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one.
Goodbye.
